New World Screwworms

In May, the U.S. Department of Agriculture suspended livestock (cattle, horses, and bison) imports from Mexico following detection of the New World screwworm (NWS) in Veracruz. While the detection was roughly 600 miles from the southern tip of Texas, many producers are wondering if they need to be concerned about the health of their livestock. 

The New World screwworm was eradicated in the U.S. in the 1960s. However, it has occasionally reemerged in Central America and Mexico. The NWS is controlled only through the sterile insect technique (SIT), a pest control method involving the release of sterilized male insects into the wild to mate with wild females, preventing reproduction and thus reducing the pest population. This approach, along with regular active surveillance and livestock inspections, has proven highly successful.

The New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) is a parasitic fly found in the Western  Hemisphere. It deposits its eggs in the living tissue of fresh wounds on warm-blooded animals. The resulting larvae (maggots) consume the host’s flesh, creating serious wounds. The name screwworm comes from the feeding behavior of the maggots, which burrow (or screw) into wounds. Using sharp mouth hooks, they tear into the host’s tissue, causing extensive damage. As additional eggs hatch and more larvae feed on the living flesh, the wound grows larger and deeper. If left undetected and untreated, this can result in severe or often fatal harm to the animal.

Adult New World Screwworm fly

Adult New World screwworms are metallic blue blow flies with large orange eyes and three distinct stripes running along the top (thorax) just behind the head. They closely resemble the related secondary screwworm (Cochliomyia macellaria), which is also a metallic blue blow fly with three stripes; however, in the secondary screwworm, all three stripes start at the same point behind the head. Unlike the New World screwworm, adult secondary screwworms do not lay eggs on living animals, and their larvae do not infest them. Adult secondary screwworms do not pose a threat to animal health.

Adult flies of interest can be photographed and emailed to the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service at screwworm@ag.tamu.edu. 

Routine monitoring and evaluation of all livestock is essential for maintaining herd and flock health. Livestock producers should stay alert for signs of possible infestation, such as:

• Foul-smelling wounds with visible maggots
• Animals biting or licking at wounds
• Lesions in navels, ears, dehorning or branding sites
• Unusual restlessness or lethargy

Producers should be proactive and take preventive measures by treating wounds promptly and maintaining sanitation. 

Any mammals or birds (wild or domesticated) with signs of irritated behavior or head shaking, those that express a smell of decay but are alive, or those that show evidence of fly strike and/or the presence of fly larvae (maggots) in wounds should be isolated and reported immediately to your local veterinarian or the Texas Animal Health Commission, (800) 550-8242.

For additional information, please visit https://agrilifeextension.tamu.edu/new-world-screwworm/.  

If you have questions or concerns, please contact me, (903) 473-4580 or email Sarah.Latham@ag.tamu.edu. To view upcoming events or additional information please visit https://rains.agrilife.org/ or follow Rains County AgriLife on Facebook.

Skin Cancer Awareness

May is Skin Cancer Awareness Month, a time to share information, encourage skin checks, and promote healthy habits. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide with at least one in five Americans developing skin cancer by the age of 70. Despite its prevalence, skin cancer is one of the most preventable forms of cancer, and early detection significantly improves outcomes; when detected early, the 5-year survival rate for melanoma is 99%. Raising awareness about skin cancer is essential to encourage protective behaviors, promote regular screenings, and ultimately save lives.

Skin cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the skin’s layers, often due to DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. The three main types of skin cancer are:

• Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): The most common and least aggressive, often appearing as a pearly or waxy bump.
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): Typically appears as a firm, red nodule or a scaly, crusted lesion.
• Melanoma: The deadliest form, developing in the pigment-producing melanocytes. It can spread quickly if not treated early.

Several factors can increase the risk of developing skin cancer:

• Excessive sun exposure, especially without protection
• Use of tanning beds
• Fair skin, light-colored eyes, and a history of sunburns
• Family or personal history of skin cancer
• A large number of moles or atypical moles

When detected early, skin cancer is highly treatable. Melanoma has a high survival rate when caught in its initial stages. That is why skin self-exams and regular dermatologist checkups are crucial. The ABCDE rule can help identify warning signs of melanoma:

• Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other
• Border: Edges are irregular or blurred
• Color: Varied shades of brown, black, or other colors
• Diameter: Larger than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser)
• Evolving: Changing in size, shape, or color

Skin cancer is largely preventable by adopting simple yet effective sun safety habits. If you plan on being outdoors, even on a cloudy day, it is extremely important to apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher). Also, make sure you reapply sunscreen every two hours, or after swimming or sweating. Wearing protective clothing, sunglasses, and wide-brimmed hats adds an additional layer of protection from the sun’s harmful rays. Seek shelter or shade between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm when the sun’s rays are the strongest. 

Skin cancer can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, or ethnicity. Awareness is the first step toward prevention and early detection. By educating ourselves and others, we can reduce the incidence of skin cancer and protect our health. Remember... your skin is your body’s largest organ, make sure you take care of it!

If you have questions or concerns, please contact me, (903) 473-4580 or email Sarah.Latham@ag.tamu.edu. To view upcoming events or additional information please visit https://rains.agrilife.org/ or follow Rains County AgriLife on Facebook.

The Benefits of Adding Fiber to Your Diet

In today’s fast-paced world, maintaining a healthy diet can be challenging. One essential yet often overlooked nutrient is dietary fiber. Found primarily in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, fiber plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Increasing fiber intake can bring about numerous benefits, ranging from improved digestion to better heart health.

There are two types of fiber – soluble and insoluble – both are important to have in your diet.

• Soluble fiber dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance in your stomach, which slows down digestion. Soluble fiber is found in foods such as oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, beans, lentils, peas, and some fruits and vegetables.
• Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and remains mostly intact as it passes through your GI tract. It adds bulk to the stool and helps with the passage of digested food through the stomach and intestines. Insoluble fiber is found in foods such as wheat bran, vegetables (non-starchy), and whole grains.

Improved Digestive Health

Fiber is best known for its role in promoting a healthy digestive system. It helps regulate bowel movements, preventing constipation by adding bulk to stool and facilitating smoother passage through the intestines. Insoluble fiber, found in foods like whole wheat, nuts, and vegetables, supports gut health by ensuring efficient waste elimination. Meanwhile, soluble fiber, present in foods like oats, beans, and apples, absorbs water to form a gel-like substance that aids digestion and prevents diarrhea.

Heart Health Benefits

A fiber-rich diet has been linked to improved cardiovascular health. Soluble fiber helps lower cholesterol levels by binding with cholesterol particles and removing them from the body before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Studies show that individuals who consume more fiber have a reduced risk of heart disease, hypertension, and stroke. Whole grains, legumes, and fruits like berries and citrus are excellent sources of heart-friendly fiber.

Blood Sugar Regulation

For individuals managing diabetes or at risk of developing the condition, fiber can be particularly beneficial. Soluble fiber slows the absorption of sugar, helping regulate blood sugar levels and preventing spikes. This leads to better glycemic control, which is essential for managing diabetes. High-fiber foods like legumes, whole grains, and non-starchy vegetables can aid in maintaining stable blood sugar levels throughout the day.

Weight Management and Satiety

Incorporating more fiber into the diet can also assist with weight management. High-fiber foods tend to be more filling, helping individuals feel satisfied for longer periods and reducing the likelihood of overeating. Fiber-rich foods are often lower in calories while still providing essential nutrients, making them an excellent choice for those looking to maintain or lose weight in a healthy manner.

Gut Microbiome Support

The gut microbiome, composed of trillions of bacteria, plays a crucial role in digestion, immune function, and overall well-being. Fiber serves as a prebiotic, feeding beneficial gut bacteria and promoting a balanced gut microbiome. A healthy gut environment has been associated with a lower risk of inflammation, better immune response, and even improved mental health.

Tips for Increasing Fiber Intake

Start your day with whole grains such as oatmeal or whole wheat toast. Include more fruits and vegetables in meals and snacks. Opt for legumes like lentils, chickpeas, and black beans as protein sources. Choose whole grains like quinoa, brown rice, and whole wheat pasta instead of refined grains. Snack on nuts, seeds, and high-fiber foods like popcorn. Gradually increase fiber intake and drink plenty of water to aid digestion.

Adding more fiber to your diet is a simple yet effective way to enhance overall health. From improved digestion and heart health to better blood sugar control and weight management, the benefits are extensive. By incorporating a variety of fiber-rich foods into daily meals, individuals can enjoy a healthier, more balanced lifestyle. Start small, make gradual changes, and experience the positive impact fiber can have on your well-being.

If you have questions or concerns, please contact me, (903) 473-4580 or email Sarah.Latham@ag.tamu.edu. To view upcoming events or additional information please visit https://rains.agrilife.org/ or follow RainsCounty AgriLife on Facebook.

Fight Falls with A Matter of Balance

Aging brings a range of unexpected challenges, emotions, and fears, but falling and fall-related injuries continue to top of the list of concerns for aging Americans. Falling is a sudden and often unexpected loss of balance that can result in injury, ranging from minor bruises to severe fractures or head trauma. It can occur due to various factors, including physical conditions like muscle weakness or poor vision, environmental hazards such as slippery floors or uneven surfaces, and external influences like distractions or improper footwear. Falls are particularly dangerous for older adults, as they can lead to long-term mobility issues and a loss of independence. 

Falls are the leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries in the US. According to the National Council on Aging (2023), 1 in 4 Americans over age sixty-five fall every year. Additionally, every eleven seconds someone over age sixty-five is treated in the emergency room for fall-related injuries and every nineteen minutes someone dies from a fall-related injury. In other words, falls are responsible for more than 3 million ER visits and more than 32,000 deaths annually. The fear of falling can lead to reduced activities, physical health decline, social isolation, and depression. However, falls can be prevented by staying active, maintaining a safe environment, and taking precautions. By understanding the causes and risks associated with falling, individuals can take proactive steps to reduce their likelihood and maintain overall well-being.

Factors Contributing to Fall Risks:

• Physical Factors: Age-related changes in vision, balance, and muscle strength can increase the likelihood of falls. Chronic health conditions such as arthritis, osteoporosis, and Parkinson's disease can also impair mobility and balance, making individuals more susceptible to falls.
• Environmental Hazards: Cluttered living spaces, inadequate lighting, slippery floors, uneven surfaces, and lack of handrails or grab bars significantly contribute to fall risks. 
• Medications: Certain medications, particularly those that cause dizziness, drowsiness, or changes in blood pressure, can increase the risk of falls. 
• Lifestyle Factors: Sedentary behavior, lack of physical activity, and poor nutrition can weaken muscles, decrease bone density, and compromise overall health, thereby increasing susceptibility to falls. 

Falling, fall-related injuries, and a fear of falling do not have to be a guaranteed part of aging. Falls can be avoided through lifestyle changes and participation in evidence-based fall prevention programs. A Matter of Balance (AMOB), an eight-session evidence-based fall prevention program, has been specifically designed to help seniors aged sixty and older reduce their fear of falling and increase activity levels. Many older adults who develop this fear often limit their activities, which can result in physical weakness, making the risk of falling even greater. Activities are conducted in two-hour sessions once a week over an eight-week period. AMOB addresses physical, environmental, medical, and lifestyle factors associated with falling along with introducing evidence-based exercises. Attending an AMOB course significantly reduces the risk of falls and helps improve quality of life for aging individuals. 

Rains County AgriLife is hosting A Matter of Balance. This eight-session program will be held every Monday from 10:00 am -12:00 noon, March 3rd through April 21st at the Rains County AgriLife Extension office, 410 Tawakoni, Emory, Texas 75440.  Please join us if you are concerned about falls, have fallen in the past, have restricted your activities due to falling concerns, or have an interest in improving balance, flexibility, and strength. 

If you or someone you love has experienced a fall or has a fear of falling, call the Rains County AgriLife Extension office at (903) 473-4580 to reserve your spot. Space is limited. This program is open to all and is free of charge.

If you have questions or concerns, please contact me, (903) 473-4580 or email Sarah.Latham@ag.tamu.edu. To view upcoming events or additional information please visit https://rains.agrilife.org/ or follow Rains County AgriLife on Facebook.

Healthy Heart

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death for both males and females in the Unites States with someone dying every 34 seconds as a result. Written a different way, nearly 2,500 Americans die each day from cardiovascular disease. While these numbers may be shocking at first, they should not be overly surprising if you look at health trends across the nation. According to the American Heart Association (2025), nearly 47% of adults live with high blood pressure, 72% of adults are overweight, and roughly 57% of have type 2 diabetes. If you find yourself or a loved one in one (or more) of these statistic groups, it might be time to look at making some lifestyle changes.

Lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease involves making lifestyle changes and managing health conditions. Start out by slowly making changes and gradually work toward a healthier heart. Look at these tips and identify areas you might need to focus to help you get started.

Maintain a Healthy Diet

• Eat heart-healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
• Choose healthy fats (unsaturated fats from olive oil, nuts, and fish) and avoid trans fats.
• Limit processed foods, refined sugars, and high-sodium foods.
• Reduce red and processed meats.

Stay Physically Active

• Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (e.g., brisk walking, swimming) or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise (e.g., running, cycling) per week.
• Incorporate strength training exercises twice a week.
• Reduce sedentary behavior by taking breaks from sitting every 30–60 minutes.

Manage Weight

• Maintain a healthy BMI (18.5–24.9).
• Reduce abdominal fat, as excess belly fat is linked to a higher risk of heart disease.

Quit Smoking and Limit Alcohol

• Quit smoking completely—tobacco damages blood vessels and increases CVD risk.
• Limit alcohol intake to moderate levels (1 drink/day for women, 2 drinks/day for men).

Reduce Stress

• Practice mindfulness, meditation, yoga, or deep breathing techniques.
• Ensure adequate sleep (7–9 hours per night).

Get Regular Check-Ups

• Monitor blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels regularly.
• Follow your doctor’s advice and take medications as prescribed if needed.

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension’s Dinner Tonight Program is a great resource for healthy, tasty, and budget-friendly recipes. Visit https://dinnertonight.tamu.edu or follow Dinner Tonight on Facebook for daily recipes and health tips.

Having a healthy heart requires a mixture of activities and lifestyle changes. Strive to create a healthy balance between exercise, diet, and lifestyle. If healthy habits are new to you, start out slow by making small changes over time. Healthy habits do not form overnight, so it is important to be patient with your progress.

If you have questions or concerns, please contact me, (903) 473-4580 or email Sarah.Latham@ag.tamu.edu. To view upcoming events or additional information please visit https://rains.agrilife.org/ or follow Rains County AgriLife on Facebook.

UDMI. (2025). https://www.udmi.net/cardiovascular-disease-risk/